Government Spending Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Government Spending - Assignment Example basic to take note of that that figure ($700 billion) is carefully what was submitted in 2008 to check the money related emergency since the New York Tines (1) subtleties a further $12.2 trillion submitted by the legislature by 2011. In this way, the sum spent on TARP was $475 billion, Bailouts $11 trillion and QE $787 billion as revealed by the Treasury Department (1). As per the Office of Management and Budget (OMB 1), government spending on private-part temporary workers in the financial year 2012 was 14% of the administrative spending plan and was somewhat underneath $307 billion. Further, the OMB expressed that the spending surpassed that spent on government contract spending on acquisition of merchandise. As per CNN, this is on the grounds that there is a push to eliminate administrative spending and disposing of an enlarged government, which has streamed down to the private segment (Shahadi 1). As clarified by the OMB, the 10 years going before 2012 saw the expense of administration contracts increment by 44% to the current figure. As of September 30 2013, the complete estimation of unclassified US government acquisition contracts dropped from the past financial year’s $512 billion to $456 billion (Salant and Kathleen 1). This figure incorporates all obtainments through organized commerce understandings, likewise refered to as FTAs. Albeit no unequivocal data is accessible on the spending allotment to the Department of Defense and other ordered agreements, finding by the Bloomberg Industries demonstrate that this all out financial plan included a designation slice of $22.3 billion to the Pentagon (Salant and Kathleen 1). The general decrease in government spending for the monetary year finishing September 30 2013 denoted the fourth continuous year of cuts in government spending since 1989. A report by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) put the expense brought about by governments around the globe after the 2008 money related emergencies at $11.9 trillion (Conway 1). When this gauge was made, it was identical one fifth of the financial yield of the whole world and involved

Siddhartha Climax Apotheosis and Ultimate Boon

The peak of a novel or another abstract work, for example, a play, can be characterized as the defining moment at which the contention starts to determine itself regardless. The peak of Siddhartha happens in the part entitled â€Å"By the River,† when Siddhartha hears the word Om while remaining at the waterway as he considers suffocating himself. This mysterious sound delights him, reestablishing his will to live. The second speaks to a defining moment that in the end prompts his accomplishment of nirvana. One day Siddhartha’s torment turns out to be excessively and Siddhartha sets off in an edgy hunt of his child, yet stops as he hears the stream chuckling at him. He investigates the stream, sees his own dad whom he had left, and turns around, inferring that â€Å"everything that was not endured as far as possible lastly finished up, repeated, and similar distresses were undergone†. Coming back to his cabin, Siddhartha discloses to Vasuveda the entirety of this, however as he does, Siddhartha sees an astounding change in the elderly person. In the wake of tuning in to Siddhartha, Vasuveda drives Siddhartha back to the stream, instructing him to listen profoundly. From the outset Siddhartha hears just the voices of distress, however these voices are before long joined by voices of bliss, and finally all the voices are under the incredible sound of â€Å"Om. Understanding the solidarity of these voices, Siddhartha's agony blurs away and â€Å"his Self had converged into unity†. He has finally discovered salvation. Perceiving his companion's accomplishment, Vasuveda leaves into the forested areas to pass on, in this manner joining the solidarity he had helped Siddhartha find finally. Siddhartha understands the solidarity of everything on the planet which is the apotheosis of the novel. The ferryman is a guide for both the waterway and the way to edification. The ferryman is situated between normal world and illumination, and the individuals who look for edification and are available to direction will discover what they need inside the ferryman. The ferryman, be that as it may, tells Siddhartha the best way to discover edification inside himself. The first run through Vasudeva meets Siddhartha, Siddhartha needs just to cross the waterway, and that is all Vasudeva encourages him do. Vasudeva isn't an instructor who will essentially mention to Siddhartha what he should know, yet a guide who will lead him where he wishes to go. A long time later, Siddhartha looks for information from the waterway itself, and Vasudeva guides him in his endeavors to hear what the stream needs to state. Siddhartha himself turns into a ferryman after he accomplished his objective of achieving nirvana.

How to Get Recommendation Letters for Grad School

The most effective method to Get Recommendation Letters for Grad School Suggestion letters are a basic piece of the doctoral level college application. In the event that you are anticipating applying to graduate school, consider who you will request letters of proposal a long time before you start setting up your doctoral level college application. Reach educators during the initial two years of school and create connections as you will depend on them to compose proposal letters that will land you a spot in your preferred alumni program. Each graduate program expects candidates to submit suggestion letters. Dont think little of the significance of these letters. While your transcript, state sanctioned grades, and affirmations article are fundamental segments of your doctoral level college application, a magnificent proposal letter can compensate for shortcomings in any of these territories. For what reason Do Graduate School Applications Require Recommendation Letters? An elegantly composed suggestion letter gives entrance advisory boards data that isnt discovered somewhere else in the application. A proposal letter is an itemized conversation, from an employee, of the individual characteristics, achievements, and encounters that make you one of a kind and ideal for the projects to which youve applied. A supportive letter of proposal gives bits of knowledge that can't be gathered by basically looking into a candidates transcriptâ or state administered test scores. Additionally, a proposal can approve a competitors confirmations exposition. Who to Ask? Most alumni programs require in any event two, all the more usually three, proposal letters. Most understudies find picking experts to compose suggestions troublesome. Think about employees, overseers, entry level position/co-usable training bosses, and managers. The individuals you request to compose your proposal letters should: Know you wellKnow you sufficiently long to compose with authorityKnow your workDescribe your work positivelyHave a high assessment of youKnow where you are applyingKnow your instructive and profession goalsBe ready to well contrast you and your peersBe well knownBe ready to compose a decent letter Remember that nobody individual will fulfill these models. Focus on a lot of proposal letters that spread the scope of your abilities. In a perfect world, letters should cover your scholarly and academic aptitudes, examine capacities and encounters, and applied encounters (e.g., co-employable instruction, entry level positions, related work understanding). For instance, an understudy who is applying to a MSW program or a program in clinical brain science may incorporate proposals from staff who can verify their exploration abilities just as suggestion letters from personnel or administrators who can address their clinical and applies aptitudes and potential. The most effective method to Ask for a Recommendation Letter There are acceptable and terrible methods of moving toward personnel to request a letter of suggestion. For instance, time your solicitation well: dont corner educators in the lobby or preceding or after class. Solicitation an arrangement, disclosing that youd like to examine your arrangements for graduate school. Spare the official solicitation and clarification for that gathering. Inquire as to whether the person in question realizes you alright to compose an important and accommodating proposal letter. Focus on their mien. In the event that you sense hesitance, express gratitude toward them and ask another person. Recall that it is ideal to ask from the get-go in the semester. As the finish of the semester draws near, staff may dither as a result of time limitations. Likewise know about normal slip-ups understudies make while mentioning suggestion letters, for example, asking excessively near the affirmations cutoff time. Solicit in any event a month ahead from time, regardless of whether you dont have your application materials made or your last rundown of projects picked. Give Informationâ The best thing that you can do to guarantee that your suggestion letters consider every contingency is to furnish your officials with all the fundamental data. Dont accept that they will remember every little thing about you. For instance, I may recollect that an understudy is outstanding and a fantastic member in class however I may not recall the entirety of the subtleties when I plunk down to compose, for example, what number of classes the understudy took with me and extracurricular interests, (for example, being dynamic in the brain science respects society, for example). Provide a record with the entirety of your experience data: TranscriptResume or educational plan vitaeAdmissions essaysCourses youve taken with themResearch experienceInternship and other applied experiencesHonor social orders to which you belongAwards youve wonWork experienceProfessional goalsDue date for the applicationCopy of the application suggestion structures (if a paper/printed version letter is required and if the structures are given by the institution)List of projects to which you are applying (and have them send email demands for proposals early, a long time before the cutoff time) Secrecy The suggestion structures provided by graduate projects expect you to conclude whether to defer or hold your privileges to see your proposal letters. As you conclude whether to hold your privileges, recollect that private proposal letters will in general convey more weight with entrance advisory boards. What's more, numerous personnel won't compose a proposal letter except if it is secret. Other personnel may furnish you with a duplicate of each letter, regardless of whether it is secret. On the off chance that you are uncertain of what to choose, talk about it with your arbitrator. As the application cutoff time draws near, seek out your arbitrators to help teachers to remember the cutoff time (yet dont bother!). Reaching the alumni projects to ask whether your materials were gotten is likewise suitable. Despite the result of your application, make certain to send a card to say thanks once you have discovered that personnel have presented their letters.

Forensic Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Legal Evidence - Essay Example Was it called in? Was it something that police on the lookout or some other obligation happened upon? Was it detailed at the police headquarters and in this manner cops we sent to assess? How was the wrongdoing episode announced? Who made the report to the police and when and how? The entirety of this data is inaccessible and unrecorded. This data is significant as the time between when a wrongdoing occurred and when the wrongdoing scene was made sure about and examined is significant since it has a course on any sullying of the wrongdoing scene that may have occurred. It likewise has bearing on the veracity of the wrongdoing report. Could this be an arranged wrongdoing? Or on the other hand did the wrongdoing really happen as announced? These are the primary most glaring lacks of this wrongdoing report. The report is additionally ailing in the data about the complainant. It is in any event, ailing in the complete name of the complainant †a Mr D. Youthful. David? Daniel? This ki nd of equivocalness on the name is additionally exacerbated by the way that there is no notice of whether this complainant recorded any sort of composed proclamation. One would expect that a marked explanation from the complainant would be a piece of the wrongdoing scene report. There are no subtleties of what the complainant announced or where even Mr Young was the point at which the supposed wrongdoing occurred. Furthermore there is no distinct data about Mr Young. ... On the off chance that Mr Young was harmed, what sort of injury right? There isn't so much as a portrayal of the injury that Mr Young is said to have endured or how it was accounted for to have been continued. Is it safe to say that he was treated for the injury? Provided that this is true, where was the treatment done. The report specifies that an observer professes to have seen somebody fleeing from the premises at 1030 pm on the twentieth. There is no notice of even an unpleasant portrayal of what this individual who was seen fleeing resembled. It is likewise hazy who the observer was, was it Mr Young? Did the observer record an announcement? What job did the observer play in the wrongdoing scene and what does he resemble? The report is asserted to be that of thievery however makes no notice of what was removed or what was missing or whether this was an ineffective theft or whether the robber was captured previously or while carrying out the wrongdoing. The report says that the th eft may have occurred at 1030pm around evening time yet there is no portrayal of the lighting in the room and how much light was accessible around then. Is there an arrival light? Did the occasions occur in obscurity or were the lights on when they occurred? The scene report guarantees this is an assessment of the room. It makes no notice of what kind of house this wrongdoing supposedly occurred in. Was it a cottage? Was it a level? Was it a manor? Is it a multi-stunned structure? If not, what number of floors? Where is the room comparative with the remainder of the house? Are there some other houses other than it? The report makes no notice of what number of rooms there are in the house and who dwells in the house †we can just expect that it is Mr Young yet it hasn’t been expressed. Who else lives there? The report makes no notice of whether the house was a wooden house, solid house or even a

Plan for Project Implementation

Plan for Project Implementation Setting and Room Arrangement Due to the way that the intended interest group incorporate understudies beginning from different societies, it is profoundly essential to welcome all understudies into conversation with leaving nobody to be unrecognized. In this regard, a multifaceted methodology ought to be presented while framing class groups.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Plan for Project Implementation explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In bunches with understudies from various nations, there is a higher likelihood of trading encounters and gaining information on the points of interest of copyright laws in India, Asia, and Japan. In any case, every exercise ought to be planned for talking about a typical point that would accommodate all introduced societies. The best arrangement here will dissect the accompanying subjects: Introduction to copyright law; Basics meaning of copyright laws; History and roots for copyright law; Discussing existing understandings, sort of authorizing, and assignments; Studying copyright concerning conventional information, financial turn of events and creators as introduced in the thought about nations; Disparities between American copyright laws and the one built up at the universal level notwithstanding the abovementioned, the last exercise should concentrate on surveying students’ information and involvement with actualizing and utilizing U. S. copyright laws. The teacher’s primary assignment here is to make understudies rapidly suit to the method of learning and gain proficiency with the points of interest of locales use. Increment in inspiration can likewise be accomplished if understudies get increasingly associated with the issues they ought to defeat just as targets educator seek after. Various media stages required The undertaking usage should begin with working out explicit instructional classes for universal understudies to unreservedly use the made site. Specific acc entuation will be set on recognizing the meaning of copyright laws, purposes behind considering this issues, and ramifications for copyright law encroachment. This issue will be considered from an instructive point of view to increment students’ scholastic mindfulness. The instructional class will be set on the site with the goal that everybody can get to it uninhibitedly. The exercises planned will include diagram of introductions, video, and sound materials and, in this manner, understudies will require explicit programming empowering them to glance through these exercises and introductions. So as to start students’ enthusiasm for the subject and rouse them to become familiar with this issue, online topical gatherings will be sorted out where understudies will have the option to examine the most consuming issues committed to the issue of copyright laws.Advertising Looking for exposition on training? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper wit h 15% OFF Learn More Such a choice will empower understudies to extend their insight on explicit issues, gain understanding through taking part in exercises associated with lifetime experience. What's more, interrogation and online correspondence will likewise add to understudies comprehension of incongruities among copyright frameworks in various nations. It ought to be focused on that the use of online introductions includes explicit information on building graphs, charts, and tables. These standards ought to be considered before continuing with the genuine investigation. Upgrading Students’ Computer Knowledge and Eliminating Problems with Knowledge Management In request to all the more likely handle the site intended for learning the nuts and bolts of copyright laws, understudies ought to likewise procure adequate aptitudes in overseeing programming and other electronic gear. PC helped guidance is essential for drill-and-practice exercises and for taking care of issues ass ociated with PC innovation. Propelled information on correspondence innovation will assist understudies with facilitating their examination and communication with instructors and their companions. While assessing information the executives procedures, educators should give close consideration to holes every understudy has as far as their degree of comprehension of PC basics.

5 Games Drug Addicts May Be Playing

5 Games Drug Addicts May Be Playing More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Addict behavior can sometimes be real-life versions of games we played as children. Back then, it was all in fun. Now, it can be deadly serious. This take on the metaphor of game playing presents five of the most popular addict games that can hurt you if you don’t realize youre playing. Bluffing Bluffing is a deceptive move in the game of poker that also appears in many other games of deception. It involves the pretense that everything is the way it should be, while in reality, youre being duped. Bluffing is the most popular of all the addict games. In many ways, addiction is the ultimate game of deception because becoming addicted means fooling yourself as well as those around you. And just like a poker player, an addict will perfect the poker face, the butter-wouldn’t-melt facial expression and tone of voice that convinces you, at least long enough to give them the benefit of the doubt, that its you who is in the wrong, for not trusting them. How to Cope: Trust your instincts and don’t go along with a lie to avoid conflict. What to Do When Your Addicted Loved One Lies Hide and Seek The addicts game of hide and seek involves the addict concealing something and the people around him seeking an explanation or some evidence to account for a situation that just doesn’t make sense. As well as hiding information and hiding his or her addictive behavior, the addict will often hide the evidence of his or her addiction. People addicted to illegal drugs obviously have to be reasonably discreet in terms of where they store and keep their drugs and paraphernaliaâ€"needles, pipes, etc.â€"often hiding them from family members. Alcoholics may have hidden bottles around the house. Sex addicts may hide their pornography, website links, or evidence of affairs. The motives for playing hide and seek by someone with addiction seem obvious until the evidence is found and a family member wonders how the addict expected the evidence not to be found. How to Cope: Respect your loved one’s privacy, but when you stumble on evidence of addiction, don’t accept a weak explanation or excuse. Taboo The game of taboo is a way that the addiction can be kept secret. Its also a way to keep family members in a position of enabling the substance user by threatening the risk of exposing the addiction, making the whistleblower responsible for the subsequent social shaming of the family.?? Just like the game of taboo, the addict creates a situation where speaking directly about whats happening is taboo and thus forbidden. Playing taboo is common among families in which there is one or more alcoholics, some form of family violence, and in which sexual abuse, and in particular, incest occurs. How to Cope:  Break the silence and tell someone who can helpâ€"a teacher, social worker, doctor, priest, or police officer, or call a helpline for more advice. Cops and Robbers Stealing is an activity that addicts sometimes resort to, usually, but not always, in desperation.?? Much of the theft that occurs through break-and-enters and street robberies is to finance drug addiction rather than to put food on the table. And the spouses of addicts are well aware of the missing cash from their wallets and purses or from their joint bank account. But the game of cops and robbers is not limited to theftâ€"people with addictions break the law through drug possession and trafficking, through indiscretions on the internet, and parents may be unaware of their legal responsibility for vandalism carried out by their children when under the influence. How to Cope:  Protect yourself and your children first and foremost, not the addict. The real cops are there to help protect you if necessary. Crime and Alcohol Statistics Stuck in the Mud Addicts can stay stuck in their addiction for many years.?? Their determination not to change can be astounding. And just like the childhood game of stuck in the mud, if they get to you, you can get stuck too. Its natural for change to take time and to progress through stages. But if you get stuck along with your loved one, you may actually be keeping them stuck, too. Often, its only when consequences such as the loss of a relationship are recognized by the addict that they will actually move into action. How to Cope:  You don’t have to leave the person with an addictionâ€"although its a good idea if theyre abusiveâ€"do move on with your own life. Setting Healthy Boundaries When Dealing With Addiction Note: The concept of addict games is not based on scientific research, although the interactions described are commonly experienced by people close to those with addictions. Game playing in relationships is not a given for anyone, regardless of whether or not they have an addiction. This article is intended to provide support to people who are struggling to cope with someone elses addiction, not to stigmatize any type of addiction.

8 Persuasive Writing Tips and Techniques

Persuasive writing is utilized by writers to take a stance on an issue, convincing readers to agree with a certain opinion or idea. Persuasive writing appears across media in many different forms, such as op-eds, reviews, and advertisements. A good persuasive argument uses a combination of thorough research and careful word choice in order to present the writer’s opinion strongly and get the reader to agree.

Racism And The Holocaust And Forgotten Fire By Adam...

There were 1.6 billion Muslims in the world as of 2010 – roughly 23% of the global population and Islam continues to be the fastest-growing major religion (Pew Research Center). Islamophobia and hatred towards Muslims has also been on the rise. â€Å"Islamophobia is prejudice towards or discrimination against Muslims due to their religion, or perceived religious, national, or ethnic identity associated with Islam† (Bridge.Georgetown). In our history we have witnessed many horrific acts of hatred and genocides such as the Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide, to society and today s people that was all in the past. In the books, â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel and â€Å"Forgotten Fire† by Adam Bagdasarian illustrates the conditions of victims having to go through these genocides, this shows the severity of prejudice and how affects people s lives. The reality of it is that times have not changed that drastically and theses bloodcurdling events have seemed to repe ated themselves in a new period of time with a new group oppressed people. Innocent people everyday are being targeted because of their religious backgrounds. These stereotypes of Muslims and Islam have become so widespread and the world s perspectives have changed drastically. Society is undoubtedly witnessing a rapid uprising of a new era of hatred and genocide, just like in the Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide in the form of Islamophobia, media propaganda, and false representations of Muslims being terrorists. In this era, our

Effective Listening Strategies Essay - 1130 Words

Effective Listening Strategies BSHS/385 June 2, 2014 Effective Listening Strategies The first article I read was called â€Å"Active Listening Skills†. This article provided helpful information with helping clients improve the quality of his or her life. When a client knows that the interviewer is listening he or she will feel respected and appreciated. The article shows the importance of listening in order to get the client to respond to us positively and on a deeper level. The article states there are different ways of listening. The article states we should have active participation by facing the client, maintaining eye contact, focus solely on what the client is saying, and respond appropriately.†¦show more content†¦This article is about a student who comes into the financial aid office for some assistance. The student is running late and is not familiar with the appropriate steps. There is also a good chance she is upset and impatient. The student goes to the front desk where she is ushered impatiently to a teller who does not have the patience to deal with her, he purses his lips and send her to the director for a signature. The director does not give the student his undivided attention because he is on his cell phone, and ready to lock his office for the day. The student receives the director’s signature and takes it to the secretary who is warm. The secretary files the student’s forms, smiles at her, chats with the student, and then wishes her a good evening. This article included â€Å"Utilizing Relevant Counseling Skills and Techniques†. The articles states the advisors should use active listening this way they will be able to understand what the student is going through, and help her formulate and implement solutions. The article also states using verbal and nonverbal encouragers will help the student feel like part of the conversation, and this will make him or her open up more. The article also states summarizing and paraphrasing the student’s feelings and statements will help the stud ent feel understood, and this makes them willing to provide more information. The article also states body language of the student and advisor is significant communication. If a student is tellingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Effective Listening Strategies1579 Words   |  7 Pagesform of effective listening strategy throughout every conversation they are faced with. On the one hand it is accurate to say that all humans attain knowledge by employing effective listening strategies; however, not everyone gains information from the same strategies. No matter what culture one comes from, in order to attain information from conversations, one must seek and apply fundamentals from a list of effective listening strategies. One of the most common lists of listening strategies happensRead MoreActive Listening and Strategies of Effective Communication712 Words   |  3 PagesActive Listening and Strategies of Effective Communication Active Listening and Strategies of Effective Communication Active listening is an attentive and interactive form of listening. One of the primary objectives of active listening is establishing and achieving empathy among all parties engaged in communication together. The words a person uses during communication are important, yet active listening includes listening to a persons words as well as interpreting and intuiting what a personRead MoreStrategies for Effective Managerial Communication and Listening1652 Words   |  7 PagesStrategies for Effective Managerial Communication and Listening Han-Cheng Wang Hawaii Pacific University Dr. Carol Parker MGMT 6910 March 23, 2011 Strategies for effective managerial communication and listening Interpersonal communication plays an important role not only in our personal life but also in business field since interpersonal communication is the procedure that we can receive information and feeling from someone immediately and then to lead us to expressRead MoreEssay about Active Listening Strategies within Effective Communication1070 Words   |  5 PagesListening is a skill that requires active, rather than passive, participation to advance shared understanding and minimise misinterpretation. Active listening strategies such as analysing and displaying non-verbal body language, clarifying meaning and accuracy, expressing understanding for the speaker’s feelings through empathy and moments of silence contribute to effective communication. These methods encourage the speaker to convey his or her thoughts and minimises misinterpretation between senderRead MoreFilm Application Paper1085 Words   |  5 Pageslife. There are many concepts and theories in communication, and specifically introduced in the following paper are five major components of communication. The components of culture and co-culture, non-verbal behaviors, types of listening and barriers to effective listening, attraction and uncertainty reduction theories, and self disclosure will be explained, as well as how they are embodied in the film Mean Girls. First are the components of cultures and co-cultures. 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D1, evaluate strategies used in health and social care to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. Introduction There are many differing ideas on the best way to communicate in health and social care and there are many strategies used by the many differing professionals working in health and social care. This assignmentRead MoreImportant Basis For Patient Centred Communication1245 Words   |  5 Pagespatient-centred communication is the effective listening (O’Toole, 2012). This essay briefly explains the various components of active listening skills that enhance therapeutic communication. Finally this essay concludes with a self-assessment of the current knowledge and skills that the author possess, followed by a development plan that shows the goals and strategies that can be used to improve author’s active listening skills. Active listening Listening is critical component of every aspectsRead MoreChallenges in Interpersonal Relationships976 Words   |  4 Pagesbecoming a married couple. Many areas will be covered in this class. We will discuss effective listening, empathy, nonverbal and verbal communication and much more. Class 101 will start April 18, 2013 at 6:30 p.m. in the Relationship hall at CCCC. Below is a brief outline for week one. If you have any questions or concerns please call me at (919)732-8888 ext. 4049. EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLES AND MISCONCEPTIONS IN EFFECTIVE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION The first class will be introduced from Kathy Sole’sRead MorePrevention of Criminal Activity in the Society1275 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the importance of effective communication in coaching? Communication is the cornerstone of coaching; and effective communication is the primary prerequisite of effective coaching. Even if the coach and person being coached speak completely different languages, the coaching relationship can be built on nonverbal communication. Communication engenders trust, and allows the coach to transmit knowledge, ideas, and emotions to the mentee. As Burton Raedeke (n.d.) point out, As a coach, you

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Essay Rituals - 605 Words

Rituals There are rituals that we practice year after year, but forget where they came from. Sometimes we continue to practice these rituals even after we have lost the meaning of why they are practiced. In the story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson, the practice of a yearly ritual changes the lives of all the people who participate. Jacksons story reveals a horrific ritual in which one person is sacrificed by being stoned to death in order to have a better crop season. Jackson uses symbolic objects to represent the villagers closed-minded beliefs and their acceptance of rituals. The controlling symbol in the story is a black wooden box. The box symbolizes death, and it holds the fate of one person within it. Even though, the†¦show more content†¦Again, color is used symbolically in the usage of a blank or black spotted piece of paper. As Mr. Graves opened the slip of paper and there was a general sigh through the crowd as he held it up and everyone could see that it was blank (79) the sight of the blank piece of paper not only meant relief but life. The feeling of anxiety swept the crowd as they saw who possessed the piece of paper that marked death. Tessie had drawn the piece of paper with a black spot on it, the black spot Mr. Summers had made the night before with the heavy pencil her husband forced the slip of paper out of her hand (79). The mark was felt heavily on her soul for she knew the outcome of having drawn the black spot. The stones in the story were used symbolically to represent a cold, hard heart. Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to use stones (79). This contrasts what we have read in the bible that only he who had no sins should cast the first stone. Tessie was an innocent bystander to a brutal ritual. While some people such as Mrs. Delacroix selected a stone so large she had to pick it up with both hands others selected a few pebbles(79). Perhaps with the passing of age, one feels that the larger the stone the greater the benefit. However, innocence is seen when the children made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square they selected theShow MoreRelatedRites Of Passage And Ritual1116 Words   |  5 Pages Attending a kind of subcultural initiation ritual, known as a gig, in this case comprised of local Wellington musicians is reminiscent of Turner’s discussion of rituals and Rites of passage. This particular r itual form certainly encourages belonging, uniformity that appears to be a universal attribute of group rituals. It is important to distinguish between ceremony and ritual here, the gig can be considered a ritual as it could promote transformation in an individual and is not a conformationalRead MoreThe Ritual At A Buddhist Temple Essay1394 Words   |  6 PagesGender relations being an important part of the society, plays a major role in understanding religion and religious practices. In this essay, I am discussing two patterns on a ritual at a Buddhist temple, based on my observations, and how they connect to gender-related religious theory. The ritual I attended was at a Buddhist temple named West End Buddhist Temple in Mississauga. It was based on meditation led by a monk, the male instructor. It started with a story of Buddha, the divine figure ofRead MoreThe Rituals Of Buddhism And Hinduism866 Words   |  4 PagesRituals have been practiced by mankind since the beginning of recorded time. Some rituals are as simple as a morning cup of coffee while others are complex and even bizarre. Even though rituals yield diminutive positive effects on individual health and well-being, rituals continue to be practiced due to an illusion of comfort that is often found in repetition. In the practice of some forms of Psychotherapy, ritual and ceremony are sometimes employed both separately and together for the purposeRead More Hindu Rituals Essay examples1008 Words   |  5 PagesHindu Rituals The model worshiper for the Hindu religion would be one that expresses ones devotion in every action that they take. Though the this is true in most religions the Hindu religion is different in that rituals, festivals and other such type of practice are not the same as worship in the Hindu religion. Worship only occurs at a special time, place and occasion. As in the religions like s worship and ritual are performed mostly at the same time. The Hindu religion has many differentRead MoreThe Healing Rituals Of Navajo Tribes1683 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The healing rituals in the Navajo tribes included the spiritual healing rituals, which are a type of medicine or cure, which is believed to be being assisted by the spirits (Vogel 338). The Native Americans believed so much in these rituals especially the Navajo were the most community that believed in the capacity of this spiritual ritual healing. These healing influenced by the medium, which was the medicine, operate whom known as Shaman who would perform these rituals and will be able toRead MoreThe Link Between Idiocracy And Rituals Essay913 Words   |  4 Pagesstupefied that he s effortlessly the most intelligent individual alive. For this particular text we will discuss the link between Idiocracy and Rituals. 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This may not ring trueRead MoreThe Adaptive Value Of Religious Ritual1528 Words   |  7 Pagesbelief and rituals that are used to understand human existence and the flaws of our world, with the belief in a supernatural relationship and its forces. It has been found that for over 100,000 years people have been practicing s ome form of religion, which means it has really stood the test of time regardless of any pain or discomfort that may be inflicted during rituals, or even without a true proof of religion (p. 112). According to the article, â€Å"The Adaptive Value of Religious Ritual,† the mainRead MoreMagic And Ritual Of The Trobriand Islanders2033 Words   |  9 PagesMagic and ritual are often associated with vengeful gods and bloody sacrifices, possibly due to their representation in book, movies, and other forms of entertainment. One might think that they have no power to bring a community together, other than through fear. However, through the lives of the Trobriand islanders, well observed by the polish anthropologist and ethnographer BronisÅ‚aw Malinowski, we see that rituals and customs maintained by a powerful connection to magic is a mechanism of socialRead MoreWomen s Ritual Practices Of Women893 Words   |  4 PagesWomen Lives Women Ritual Women s Lives, Women s Rituals in the Hindu Tradition is a collection of articles from ten different authors by Tracy Pintchman. The book seeks to understand the connection between rituals by Hindu women how they live beyond their rituals. The focus of the book is mainly on how the ritualistic practices relate to domesticity and inter-personality in the basic surrounding of an ordinary Hindu woman. Her everyday life revolves around the home and close family that is her

How Do I See Free Essays

How I would like to see myself in the next 10 years? For the next 10 years I want to see myself succeed in every aspect such as self, family/social, economic, and spiritual. I would like to see myself still in service, growing in my profession and continuous my study / schooling. So, I will improve more in the areas of my weaknesses and make use of my full potential and ability in achieving my personal goals. We will write a custom essay sample on How Do I See or any similar topic only for you Order Now By that time, I am continuing practicing my profession as Psychologist and perhaps able to finished my master’s degree or even doctorate degree in Psychology. Economically, I am a financial independent and secure individual. I will no longer worry about my old age. I will travel and have fun of life after years of hard work and perseverance. My husband and I will have our own life, spend more time together and enjoys ourselves as maybe we never had before due to work demands. I have a business of my own which will also be a help in securing our other financial needs like for medicine, hospitalization and others. My family will be independent. My children already finished college and have their own profession in chosen field / career. I see myself mentoring and guiding my children in every step of their chosen career for them to succeed and support them in their failures. I maybe have a grandchild as well by then. I will be spending more time with my family, enjoying life and make most of my life servicing them. I want to have recreational gathering with my relatives and closest friends. My relationship with God is deep and will continue to seek more of Him in our life. I will have my devotions continuous and still involved myself in church services and recollections. My children will still be in church services and perhaps even grandchildren will also be part of it. Our family devotions will be taught to our grandchildren, if we have, and teach them to anchor their faith only in God. I am seeing my whole family attending altogether in every Sunday mass, special occasions and all important moments of our life. How to cite How Do I See, Papers

Crime and Bad Lives Are the Measure of a State’s Failures free essay sample

In todays modern world the situation in society usually reflects back the state of the government and policy-making institutes. High crime rates, poor living conditions, poverty, malnutrition indicate states failure and degradation. It is a widely distributed case when the state of living is so poor that people have no choice but resort to crime to make a living.The state in this case is supposed to fail in providing a good community with jobs, appropriate living standards and thriving economy, thus it failed its main purpose of existing on the grounds that government, without reserve, is responsible for the upholding its civil on the right level. When crime, undernourishment and poverty prosper in society, it is a feature of the fact that the political system has failed to educate and equip the average individual in society with means to survive. For instance, Louisiana, USA, reflects in one year an extremely high crime rate and also a large percentage of people with an unhealthy and pernicious lifestyle, then, the job and responsibility of the state to govern, discipline and educate has been failed. We will write a custom essay sample on Crime and Bad Lives Are the Measure of a State’s Failures or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With reference to government it must be said that it should be amenable for all the implications of its unfortunate policy and failures owing to the fact that society and civilians usually suffer from the inadequate government policy.All things considered, it should be ruminated about the governments responsibility for creating an environment which is conducive to civil and respectful behavior through the passage and implementation of regulations and rules which define appropriate behavior in a normative culture context.

. You are capturing your impressions of a scene be Essay Example For Students

. You are capturing your impressions of a scene be Essay Artfore you. In art, you are able to make something beautiful out of the ordinary. There is a relationship between artists and the world around them. The world is constantly changing but art will forever remain the same. The works in progress Les Demoiselles d Avignon means the young ladies of Avigon. It was painted by Pablo Picasso in 1907. The early sketch reveals that it originally had seven figures, five prostitutes, a sailor, and a medical student carrying a book. The crouching figure is complex in Study for the crouching Demoiselle. An earlier drawing reveals that what would become her hand is originally her arm and Her eyes were originally her breasts. Her mouth was originally her bellybutton. In the critical process the photograph is not a still life because the flower is wilting in the painting. That is not plaesureable. Still life is designed to induce in the spectator a higher order of thought. The vanitas tradition requires a skull in the painting. The lighting is dark. The background is almost as dark as the vase. They almost blend together. Figure 39 is one of the great examples of Impressionism, a mode of painting that dominated let nineteenth-century art in the Western world, especial ly in France. Claude Monets The Regatta at Argenteuil is representing every detail of a scene exactly as it appears. Monets purpose is to question the nature of representation itself. The picture is a representation. It is not very life-like. I think it is very sketchy. There are broad dashes of paint. I feel that he is expressing his pint of view to nature in his art work. The tension and conflict between the uncontrollable forces of nature and the civilizing powers of human society dominated American art and literature in the nineteenth century. Thomas Cole painted this theme in a series of five paintings called The Course of Empire. The painting represents according to Cole, the history of a natural Scene, as well as an Epitome of man; showing the natural changes of landscape and those effected by man in his progress from Barbarism to Civilation-to the state of luxury-to the vicious state or state of Destruction, etc. The five paintings also represent the cycle of seasons, starti ng with spring and ending in autumn. I noticed that there is the same mountain in back of the paintings. Even though the landscape is changing obviously the mountain is still peaking through in each of the paintings. As time passes the landmark stays the same.

Fundamentals of Research Methodology Essay Example

Fundamentals of Research Methodology Essay Fundamentals of Research Methodology Paper Psychology is a discipline which seeks to study the thoughts and actions of men in a scientific way. Science is a marvelous development in the history of human thought. The American Heritage Dictionary defines psychology as the science dealing with the mind, mental and emotional processes, and the science of human behavior. It defines science as systemized knowledge derived from observations and study. Scientific study is a way of understanding life and developing theories based on what is observed (Simonton, 2009). Psychologists develop theories and conduct psychological research to answer questions about behavior and mental processes that impact individuals and society. The scientific method, a means to gain knowledge, refers to ways in which questions are asked and the logic and methods used to gain answers. Two important characteristics of the scientific method are an empirical and a skeptical attitude (Simonton, 2009). An empirical approach, which relies on direct observation and experimentation for answering questions, was critical for developing the science of psychology (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, Zechmeister, 2009). Scholars wanted to study human nature with the goal of using the scientific method to observe, record, and treat human behavior that had formerly been described as unnatural. They believed that if people could be studied in a scientific manner, there would be a greater accuracy in understanding a present behavior, predicting future behavior, and altering behavior through scientific intervention. We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamentals of Research Methodology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamentals of Research Methodology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamentals of Research Methodology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The scientific method is characterized by a reliance on empirical procedures, rather than relying on intuition and by an attempt to control the investigation of these factors believed responsible for a phenomenon (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister Zechmeister, 2009). The scientific method works well in observing and recording physical data and in researching conclusions which either confirm or nullify a theory (Wilson, 1952). The scientific method is the process by which scientists, collectively and over time, endeavor to construct an accurate representation of the world. There are 4 steps: *observation and description of a phenomenon or group of phenomenon *formulation of an hypothesis to explain the phenomenon *use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomenon, or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations *the performance of experimental tests based on the predictions by several independent experimenters and properly performed experiments If the experiments bear out the hypothesis it may come to be regarded as a theory or law of nature. If the experiments do not bear out the hypothesis, it must be rejected or modified. The description of the scientific method just given is the predictive power of the hypothesis or theory, as tested by the experimenter. It is often said in science that theories can never be proved; only disproved. There is always the possibility that a new observation or a new experiment will conflict with a long-standing theory (Wilson, 1952). The scientific method associated with science, the process of human inquiry that pervades the modern era on many levels. While the method appears simple and logical in description, there is perhaps no more complex question than that of knowing how we come to know things. It distinguishes science from other forms of explanation because of its requirement of systematic experimentation (Simonton, 2009). There are two methodological approaches in the social sciences: they are the quantitative and qualitative methods. These two approaches adopt a very different position on the fundamentals of the relationship between ideas and evidence. Although quantitative research is an integral part of doing research; qualitative research explores the processes that underlie human behavior using interviews, surveys, case studies, and other personal techniques (Salkind, 2009). Its general purpose is to examine human behavior in the social, cultural, and political contexts in which they occur. Qualitative research can be powerful and appropriate non-experimental way to explore an academic question rigorously, as when additional context is needed to explain phenomenon missed by quantitative research methods. When properly performed, qualitative research projects add to the body of knowledge on their subjects and make the researcher well informed (Salkind, 2009). Qualitative research deals with descriptions and data that can be observed, but not measured. It explores items such as textures, colors, smells, tastes, and appearances and is obsessed with the quality of the item. Its goal is to describe the meaning, rather than drawing statistical inferences. What these experiments lose in reliability, they gain in terms of validity; providing a more in-depth and rich description. Quantitative research deals with numbers and data that can be measured. The length, height, speed, time, humidity, cost, age, weight, area and volume are the items quantitative research methods deal with. The quantity of the item is the main focus here. Quantitative research methods are those which focus on numbers and frequencies rather than on meaning and experience. [They] provide information which is easy to analyze statistically and fairly reliable. [They] are associated with the scientific and experimental approach and are criticized for not providing an in-depth decision (Simonton, 2009). Both methods have strengths and weaknesses. Qualitative methods give much richer data, but can be harder to analyze. Quantitative methods are generally limited to the choices that have been provided for the respondent. Scientific theory construction and testing are at the core of the scientific approach to psychology. A theory is defined as a logically organized set of propositions that serve to define events, describe relationships among these events, and explain the occurrence of the events (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, Zechmeister, 2009). Theory construction and testing is conceptualized to encompass all scientific work in route to developing knowledge. Theoretical reviews should advance theory development and inform research and practice. The process of science is one of moving continuously from one level to another. Scientists borrow abstract statements from theories to derive hypotheses suitable to their specific study and test these hypotheses through observation. They return the results of their studies to the theory by reporting to the community of scholars the efficacy of the theory explaining their observations. Supported hypotheses prompt consideration of revising the theory or noting that it is less applicable than originally believed. Theories are crafted by twin processes called induction and intuition. Induction refers to designing theories by combining and raising them to an abstract level of empirical generalization. Intuition refers to the thought about how something works. A scientific body of knowledge is accumulated by this ongoing process of borrowing, testing, revising, and building new theories (Simonton, 2009). This paper successfully exposes the fundamental concepts of research methodology. The science of psychology is explored and discussed and all four steps are given and expanded upon. Both the advantages and disadvantages of using either qualitative or quantitative data are also offered. The process of scientific theory construction and testing is also described within the paper. The psychology of science merely involves the psychological study of science using theoretical frameworks and methodological techniques comparable with those used in other psychological specialties (Simonton, 2009). References: Wilson, E. B. (1952). An introduction to scientific research. McGraw-Hill: New York, Salkind, Neil. (2009). Exploring research. 7th edition. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Simonton, D. K. (2009). Applying the psychology of science to the science of psychology. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(1), 2-4. Shaughnessy, J. J. , Zechmeister, E. B. Zechmeister, J. S. (2009). Research methods in psychology. (8th edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Life in the Warsaw Ghetto essays

Life in the Warsaw Ghetto essays The holocaust was a tragic even in history when Jewish residents of Germany and other lands were deported into concentration camps or ghettos. One of the well known ghettos is the Warsaw Ghetto that lasted from October 1940 until June 1943 (Resnick 46). Warsaw was one of the largest ghettos with a maximum amount of prisoners there at one time of 450,000 people (Resnick 48). Many Jews were forced to live in hallways, under bridges, in pile of trash, or anywhere that they would be able to get away from the rain, snow, and cold (Warsaw 38). The ghetto was closed off by barbed wire or wooden fences and patrolled by German guards who constantly brutalized innocent people (Resnick 39). Plumbing frequently broke down and bathing was almost unheard of. Even the toilets couldnt be flushed (Resnick 40). Many of the people that lived in the ghetto died from malnutrition. In the three summer months of 1941, 85,000 prisoners died from hunger, thirst, and sickness. Out of those 85,000 prisoners that died, 20,000 were children (Resnick 46). A typhoid fever outbreak in 1940 killed 15,000 prisoners. It was calculated that the rations that were supplied didnt even cover 10 percent of the normal requirements (Warsaw 38). When the deportations began, efforts were made to establish a fighting organization, consisting of the various underground factions operating in the ghetto. The Jewish Fighting Organization; ZOB, was formed on July 28, 1942. The deportations stopped in September by which time about 300,000 Jews had been removed from the ghetto. This left the population at 55,000-60,000 in the ghetto. These survivors that were young people, left feeling isolated and bitter. Most of them blamed themselves for not offering resistance against the deportations. The prisoners now shared the same idea that under the existing circumstances their only way to freedom is fighting the German troops (Establishment of a Fighting Organization n.p.)....

Thinking about literature review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thinking about literature review - Assignment Example Technology and educational change have led to the rise of NBLT, which uses internet hence; increasing literacy in the information. However, Postman (1993) condemns that use of computers for having led to lose of confidence in human judgement and subjectivity. Nevertheless, the invention of internet has enabled students to use the Web for their research. Indisputably, a majority of students use the internet to begin their research assignment (Chen et al., 2010). The distance students are not able to reach their various libraries in order to access the books with relevant information (Chen et al., 2010). These students therefore get the information for research work from the internet. Neil Postman (1993) argues that technology has a monopoly of power in our society especially given that the society no longer use technology as a support system but because it is shaped by it. Postman argues that technology in communication affects the education as well as monopolizing reading habits of the youth. Postman (1993) adds that technology has led to information chaos besides cultural changes especially through printing and broadcasting. Even though the use of the internet has led information literacy, Postman argues that invention of technology has disadvantages too (Postman,

Interprofessional Practice Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interprofessional Practice Health - Essay Example The nurse is there to coordinate care, to deliver bedside care, and to educate the patient and his family about the disease and its treatment; the physician is there to issue orders on treatment and to coordinate with the members of the team for more effective interventions; the social worker helps to manage the patient’s mental health; and the dietician is there to manage the patient’s diet. These members help ensure that the patient’s food, medication, basic care, mental health, and blood glucose is maintained and sustained at healthy and optimum levels. Their coordinated working approach indicates that the interprofessional practice in health care can effectively manage diabetes. Interprofessional health care practice involves the integration of the separate and distinct approaches of care into a single consultation (Jessup, 2007). This means that â€Å"the history-taking, assessment, diagnosis, intervention and short and long-term management goals are conducted by the team, together with the patient, at one time† (Jessup, 2007). In the interprofessional health care approach, the patient is made a part of the decision-making process. The interprofessional health care team is obliged to come up with a coordinated understanding of all the aspects of the patient’s care and from a common and holistic understanding, to explore and discuss interventions and alternatives in the patient’s care. The interprofessional health care approach allows the members of the team to question each other and to step out of their comfort zones and work towards what is best for the patient (Jessup, 2007). This paper shall discuss the disease diabetes and how the members of the interprofessional health care team can work and apply their separate and collective skills in order to manage the patient’s disease. Diabetes is one of the most alarming diseases in the world, mostly because of the increase in its prevalence and also

Is The Highrise Residential Building Suitable Socially?

Is The Highrise Residential Building Suitable Socially? The high rise allows one to house huge numbers of people in single edifices, allowing one to treat town-planning on a large-scale. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, 27). The highrise is a means of organizing the shambles of a huge city without increasing its spread, of improving living conditions and traffic flow, and creating open spaces for recreation at the same time. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, 33). Moreover, as suggested by writers such as Dewi Cooke, urban sociability can be promoted by high-rise housing since it encourages meetings with neighbours through the sharing of mutual facilities. (Cooke, 2012). The residential high-rise building, offers acceptable and suitable accommodation for a certain part of the population: single people, couples and the smaller families. A highrise building is also capable of transforming an older, but well-preserved district into a visual slum. As a result of its height and mass, it tends to overpower its surrounding not only by its size, but all the other aspects of its appearance. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, p.57). As Earnest F. Burckhardt states due to the height of a high rise, people are relegated to an ant-like existence. The highrise apparently seem less worth fulfilling, and somewhat satanic. Other negative features of this massing include architectural monotony, aggressive exhibitionism vs. traditional horizontal housing that would merge into the landscape. Small towns, in particular, lose a certain ambience of intimacy and modesty. Highrise blocks have something loud and aggressive about them. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, 58). The high rise is capable of causing tenant isolation and even depression. (Qureshi, 2004). 1.2.1. History and motive The motive of designing a high rise lies in the tendency to rise above the self, it is a fundamental human urge. Building into the sky satisfies a primeval instinct. Acted-out collectively, it signifies the desire to dominate. (Earnest F. Burckhardt, Observations on the question of highrise building). The three most common reasons for building these ostentatious high buildings are known to be: architectural emphasis of a certain place in the city, social distinction of individual, group of nation and demonstration of an abstract or concrete power, which can be summed up to be artistic aesthetic motive, sociological motive and religious motive respectively. (AreggerGlaus, 1967, 14). In the west architects were interested in neither giving distinction to individuals or groups, nor in demonstrating any power, but simply wanted to create a vertical spatial element which would effectively articulate and punctuate the historical mass of banal housing that was rapidly spreading around large cities (AreggerGlaus, 1967, 15). Furthermore, the originators of European high-rise building, particularly the residential type, had social motives in mind. Starting with the theory that architectural environment influences mans way of life, they hoped, by means of differentiated, accentuated building, to promote the re-emergence or strengthening of human values and individuality instated of the growing tendency towards collective behaviour. They were successful. (AreggerGlaus, 1967, 15). And in the contemporary period, the constant and increasing growth of todays major cities results in an ever-growing demand of the high rise building, as is the case in New Delhi, India. 1.3 Massing horizontal cities and vertical cities 1.3.1. issues related to cities (Jaipur) based on horizontal massing The traditional cities of India can be studied to understand planned horizontal massed cities. Common problems can be delineated to understand the negative features related to this type of massing in the contemporary world, as described by the Housing and Development Corportation, with particular reference to Rajasthan. Poor infrastructure is found in most of the towns: katcha houses and non-availability of water, sanitation and basic services to bulk of the rural population (23.1) These areas have no planned drainage systems, management of increasing solid waste is thus becoming an issue in such cities.The restricted areas for defecation, open sewers, lack of clean drinking water, infestation by flies, rats and mosquitoes, cramped living, cooking and sleeping quarters and the exposure to industrial and chemical wastes, all make the basti a risky place to live in. The basti was also a major rubbish sorting depot (outsiders called it the kachraor rubbish basti) which makes it all the more hazardous, especially for young children. (Kumar, McNay. Castaldo, 2008, p.11) Many traffic accidents are caused due to unsystematic and mushroom growth of such centres. There are no regular parking areas for trucks which remain parked within the right of the way of the highways. This invariably creates traffic bottlenecks hampering smooth flow of fast highway traffic. (23.7) Maintenance of built heritage is another problem being faced by such cities. Furthermore, due to migration of people from rural areas there is tremendous pressure on limited urban land and on already strained services. Land cost is escalating every year. Living in cities is thus becoming costlier by the day. At the same time quality of life is deteriorating. Due to the increase in population, ground water resources are depleting. On the other hand, due to migration of village youth to the cities, the village economy is getting adversely affected. Most affected villages are those located near the large cities and valuable agricultural lands are being converted in the name of city development. (23.6) Slums are an inevitable by product of urbanization. The growth of slums is a sign of peoples inability to afford land and shelter through the normal market mechanism and the failure of the public sector to ensure equitable access of the same to the poor. Slum housing lacks in term of tenure, structure access to services are which is deprived of civic amenities. These unauthorized colonies are further problematic since they are set up on agricultural land. 1.3.2. issues related to cities based on vertical massing In the city of Melbourne, with the presence of the heritage buildings and the high rise, from the 71st floor of Melbournes tallest building, the Eureka Tower, Melbournes centre looks small and uneven. The low-rise heritage buildings contrast markedly with the glass and concrete towers that have sprung up in between. Still, theres that view stretching far out to the north and west of the city and curving around the beaches past St Kilda. The vista from the Eureka Tower is vast and beautiful. (Cooke, 2010). Another example is that of Pruitt-Igoe in St. Louis; built as part of the post-war regeneration, it was completed in 1956 but was demolished just fourteen years later after being beset by disrepair, vandalism and crime. For families with children, the high-rise complex did not offer them respite from poverty or crime, but merely gathered the ingredients for it together in one place. In many cases, the high-rise ideal is progressively changed from a citadel of modernism to that of a problem estate, a place of poverty, of aliens and illegal immigrants, petty crime, unemployment, with a high incidence of truancy and drug abuse (Helleman and Wassenberg, 2004, p.6). Against such negativism, it is no surprise that the resultant response was to halt high-rise public housing construction, and even demolition. 1.4 Housing and factors which affect it India is a country where thousands of people migrate to the city for reasons such as social mobility, job opportunities etc. When the architect designs housing factors such as regional identity, culture and traditions are not a priority of the designer. The architect designs to meet the demands of the city. In doing so, the architect controls the societys mode of living in accordance to what he thinks is right. Patterns of housing have constantly changed to accommodate the pressures of land, materials, bye-laws, architectural styles and social cultural values. Human relationships and the associated cultural images are expressed by the built form of various levels, at neighbourhood level by the settlement, at community level by cluster of houses, and at the family level by the house unit. Housing forms a large part of our environment, where physical and infrastructural facilities are shared amongst people. The way housing is built reflects the understanding and attitudes of society with respect to the climate, culture, architecture and the economy. (Ritu. 1992. p. 10). The prevailing socio-economic order has the final say in the layout and building of housing. The effect of recognizing this meant a real breakthrough in the theory and practice of town-planning. Until then, town-planning had been in conflict with a society that apparently refused to understand its purpose and thereby made the realization of it impossible. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, p.23). The town planners and architects gradually began to see the necessity of coming to terms with society if they were to build cities. 1.5 Housing and present situation in Delhi and NCR The overall shortage in EWS and LIG housing in India has been estimated at close to 25 million dwelling units by Micro Housing Finance Corporation. With rapid urbanization and increasing labour mobility arising due to the shift from the agrarian economy to the industrialised and service economy emerging in India, this shortfall of residential accommodation is increasing rapidly. With five people to a dwelling unit, the minimum living space required per dwelling unit is about 300 sq ft, which means that approximately 7,500 million sq ft needs to be built. At a conservative cost of Rs 1,000 per sq ft in urban India where most of the demand exists, the overall investment requirement is a staggering Rs 750,000 cr. (Menon, 2009, p.1). 1.6 Social scenario in urban India with respect to housing With the growth and development of science, technology, trade and commerce there has also been an enormous explosion of human population in modern Indian society. Such a high growth in population in relation to the changes in the life styles of human beings have turned people to be city oriented and agriculture which was previously the main engagement of people has gradually given way to occupations in the fields of industry, trade and commerce. All these factors have made a large section of the populace rushing to the cities creating thereby tremendous and unmanageable space problems. Dwelling space getting scarcer, there is little possibility for horizontal expansion in the cities to facilitate accommodation of such perennial flow of people. As remedial measures, a two-fold planning has been contemplated and is being acted upon. The first way out has been the expansion of city limits and inclusion of the contiguous suburbs within the ambits of the cities. The other remedial measure has been the vertical expansion of the available spaces providing maximum possible accommodation to as many numbers of people as possible through the construction of high rise buildings. In the developed countries of the world like the United States, Canada, The United Kingdom, France, Germany, China , Japan and others construction of high rise buildings started from the early twentieth century while in a developing country like India it began in the later half of that century. (Chatterjee, 2009. p.85). Through further research and study it shall be explored whether India is a suitable place for the growth of highrise buildings, also known as skyscrapers. The highrise shall be studied in the context of housing. It is known that the demand of housing has been escalating in the nation with the increase in urbanization, increase in population and many other factors. It shall be explored if a transition or transformation from horizontal based traditional housing to vertical high rise residential buildings is actually required in the present time. Furthermore, the dissertation would be a critique and analysis, considering the negative and positive perspectives of this transition in residential massing and its effects on the society. The social suitability of the highrise residential building in Delhi and the NCR shall thus be analyzed. Need of the study The study is required to create awareness of the consequences of designing vertically. This awareness would be of pertinence, especially today, because constructing high rise residential buildings is the current trend of the city of Delhi. The knowledge of the issues would help a designer to design. The study would also help individuals residing in a high rise by providing options to deal with problems, if any, which may occur due to a high rise. In other words, firstly the difficulties one faces while residing in a vertical massing will have to be recognized. Then these features can be addressed architecturally. Similarly, the positive aspects of living in a high rise will be delineated. Scope of study 1. The traditional horizontal massing and the approach of vertical massing its general positive and negative features with respect to any existing cities The specific type of massing in study will be housing The height of a building can be analysed with respect to social aspects. Relationships between the two can be figured out, if any exist. The particular context chosen for analysis is the area of my current residence, the capital city of India, Delhi. Since this is a place which can be physically experienced and observed firsthand. Identification of case studies The housing societies where a survey shall be conducted are: Low rise housing four storey building Sector B-10, Vasant Kunj Med rise housing ten storey building Eligibal CGHS plot no 38, Sector 10, Dwarka High rise housing twenty storey building Gurgaon Limitations of study The analysis, to some extent, is based on the analysis of other writers, architects, sociologists etc, since a significant amount of firsthand experience is not available. In order to analyze human response to a high rise residential building and to understand its effect on the society one should talk to people. But due to the time available this cannot be done extensively, but at a small scale. Consequently, interviews, questionnaires and surveys would be followed by shortcomings such as: Sample size: analysis will have to be based on a sample population, which may or may not reflect the social effects of the high rise of the entire region of Delhi accurately People: a number of subdivisions exist within the sample size, which have to be studies separately, such as male, female, children, the elderly, age groups, generations, classes within the society e.g socio-economic strata etc. Area, location: particular areas are chosen according to accessibility Biases, cultural preferences and many other issues may arise General trends: The subject of study, human response to a high rise is subjective in manner. Conclusions or analysis can be drawn by general trends observed only. Results: These results may or may not be representative of the entire population in study. The highrise residential buildings have been a part of other parts of the world for a longer period of time than Delhi. Consequently, the majority of the literature available or critique of the highrise is from a context different from the context in study. When considering the situations abroad, some arguments may or may not apply to Delhi for reasons such as cultural preferences, lifestyles and differences in social-economic strata. Research Methodology Find attached flowchart and Questionnaire The prepared questionnaire will be carried out in the three housing societies. A minimum number of fifteen people will be interviewed, five people within each age group i.e. 60. 2. Highrise living 2.1 Human response to tall buildings High rises have been accused of causing many unpleasant outcomes, including fear, dissatisfaction, stress, behavior problems, suicide, poor social relations, reduced helpfulness, and hindered child development. Early studies and reviews concluded that high-rises are, on balance, not bene ¬Ã‚ cial for residents. At the societal level, they are accused of burdening existing services and infrastructure, worsening tra ¬Ã†â€™c problems, and damaging the character of neighbourhoods (Gifford, 2007. p.2). 2.2 Social implications of built form analysis of different types of spaces The design of urban developments, including high-rise buildings, can influence the social capital and sense of social connectedness amongst residents. For instance, Leyden in 2003 completed a study on the relationship between urban design and social capital and found that residents who lived in mixed-use developments with opportunities for walking rather than driving as a mode of transport, had a higher level of social capital and social cohesion than those who lived in developments lacking these features. (Wilson, 2008, p. 6). Social relations may be divided into two main domains, relationships within a dwelling and relationships among neighbours in the building. One review concluded that high-rise residents have poor social relationships, both among themselves and toward outsiders (Korte Huismans, 1983). In one within-dwelling study in a building in which residences were equal in floor area and supplied furniture, roommates on higher floors got along with one another better than roommates on lower floors (Schiffenbauer, 1979). However, as reported earlier, Edwards, Booth, and Edwards (1982) concluded that high rises are associated with greater marital discord than low rises. (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 9). An examination of friendship patterns within a high rise showed that proximity is a major determinant of social interaction (Bochner, Duncan, Kennedy Orr, 1976). Experience suggests that most social interaction occurs among residents of the same floor; if this is so, then buildings with many floors will include a few friends and acquaintances for the typical resident, and many strangers from other floors. Ginsberg Churchman, in an Israeli study of women who lived in 8- and 20-storey buildings found that 97 % knew at least someone on their own floor, and 67 % knew everyone on their floor; in contrast, 36 % knew over 30 % of all people living in their building (1985). Most women did interact with neighbours, yet reported no problems with privacy. In a large-scale study in Toronto, Michelson found that high-rise apartment dwellers tended to choose friends outside the building, from school or work (1977). These residents viewed their neighbours negatively and as dissimilar to themselve s, except that they were approximate financial equals. In Hong Kong, a high-rise, high-density city, interview results suggest that the overall sense of residential community is low and that where respondents had a very strong sense of neighbourhood, their interactions were often work- or school-based, with colleagues or schoolmates living in the same area (Forrest, La Grange Ngai-Ming, 2002). (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 9). Studies that compare housing forms suggest that high-rise dwellers may have more respondents reported knowing about twice as many families as those in low rises (Williamson, 1978). However, knowing more neighbours did not translate to close relations; the German high-rise residents reported less visiting and borrowing among their neighbours, and that their closest friends were more likely to be colleagues at work than neighbours. Both the German and Italian respondents said that they would like to have more friends among their neighbours, and that they believed they would have more friends if they lived in a smaller building. Outdoor socializing was examined in a study of three housing types in a low-income neighborhood: an old ghetto neighbourhood of low-rise tenement houses, a traditional high-rise housing project and an innovative high-rise housing project, where a creative outdoor design had been added to encourage outdoor use (Holahan, 1976). The old neighborhood and the innovat ive project showed higher levels of outdoor socializing than did the traditional project, which suggests that high-rises will discourage social interaction in their vicinity but that this can be overcome by setting aside an area designed to encourage social interaction. Nature also seems to facilitate social interaction. Researchers observed the presence and location of trees and the presence and location of youth and adults near a high-rise and a low-rise public housing development (Coley, Kuo Sullivan, 1997). Spaces with trees attracted larger and more mixed groups of people than did spaces without natural elements. High-rise residents may have more acquaintances but fewer friends because residents of high rises simply encounter a larger number of people in their building than residents of low rises (Churchman Ginsberg, 1984). More of these people are strangers, too, but one gets to know some of the strangers, over time, at least superficially. Consistent with the notion that lower levels are associated with more friendships, garden apartment residents reported having three times as many friends in the building as did high-rise residents (Boyd, Morris Peel, 1965). Similar results were reported in another study: three-quarters of low-rise residents reported they had made good friendships within their project, but only half of the residents of a high rise could make the same claim (Stevenson, Martin ONeil, 1967). Friendship formation depends on multiple factors, however, differences between the low- and high-rises in the friendship-related attitudes can be found. High-rises were experienced as lower in involvement, support, order and organization, but higher on independence. (Gifford, 2007, p. 10). Research is unanimous in the finding that rates of helping others are lower in high-rise buildings. The nature of most high rises supports anonymity and depersonalization of ones neighbours, so that living in a high rise tends to have both the advantages, such as greater privacy and freedom from unwanted social interaction and disadvantages, less intimate social interaction and less caring about anonymous others as large cities. (Gifford, 2007, p. 12). The gist of the evidence about social relations is that residents of high rises encounter many more other residents, know of or about more others, but have fewer friendships in the building, per capita, than residents of low rises. Social interaction is more difficult for residents to regulate. This can lead to withdrawal, which can lead to loss of community and social support. The structure of high rises usually is such that one is not likely to meet residents of other floors except in elevators and lobbies, which are barely more personal than the street. Thus, one lives physically close to many others, but in practice is limited to those on ones floor for the sort of encounters that might lead to friendship, such as borrowing food or talking while children play. Male-female differences may moderate friendship formation in high versus low rises. (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 12) 2.3 The impact of high rise housing on neighbourhood livability Residents of public high-rise housing estates are likely to perceive different aspects of their housing and neighbourhood in different ways, dependent on their sense of belonging. Some residents may explain stigma in reference to the irresponsible behaviour of fellow residents (Hastings, 2004). Others may not feel connected to their neighbourhood and may not use community facilities (Hastings, 2004). Forrest and Kearns (2001) suggested that communication between residents shapes the image of their neighbourhood and stated: neighbourhoods seem to acquire their identity through an on-going commentary between themselves and this continuous dialogue between different groups and agencies shapes the cognitive map of the city and establishes good and bad reputations (p.2135) (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 5). However, the social connectedness of urban high-rise developments may influence residential satisfaction. Halpern (1995) suggested that if people are in frequent contact with their neighbours, then the objective quality of their house makes little difference to their level of residential satisfaction. On the other hand, Halpern (1995) asserted that if people are not in frequent contact with their neighbours then consequently, the objective quality of their house has a large impact on their satisfaction. In other words, residents who are involved in their local community tend to be happy with where they live regardless of the physical quality of their homes (Halpern, 1995, p.113). (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 6). Baum and Palmer (2002) found, from their study of residents perceptions of the influence of place on levels of social capital, that there exists a direct link between urban infrastructure and social capital. These authors concluded that higher levels of social capital are likely to occur in neighbourhoods where residents have a positive image of their environment and where their environments are green with open spaces Additionally, natural features and open spaces were found to facilitate a sense of community in new urbanist communities. (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 6). As well as green spaces contributing to urban neighbourhoods social connectedness, pets have been found to facilitate social capital too. A study completed by Wood, Giles-Corti and Bulsara (2005) investigated the role that pets can play in promoting social capital, by surveying a random sample of 339 Australian residents. These authors found that pets promote opportunities for their owners to have social contact with other pet owners, neighbours and members of their community. Furthermore, pets were found to motivate owners to participate in community events and to make use of community facilities (Wood, 2005). (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 7). 2.4 The family in highrise housing 2.5 Children in highrise housing Innumerable studies suggest that children have problems in high-rises. It is known forfamilies with small children, the evidence demonstrates that high-rise living is an unsuitable form of accommodation (Conway Adams, 1977, p. 595.) Another study concludes that high-rise housing does not provide an appropriate living environment for preschool or school-age children because too few of the attributes of a single-family house have been accounted for (Cooper Marcus Hogue, 1976, p. 34. This has not seemed to change with time. Children under 8 are usually not allowed to go downstairs by themselves, and if they were allowed to go down, parents found it difficult to supervise their play. The problems range from fundamental child development issues to everyday activities such as play. For example, a Japanese investigation (Oda, Taniguchi, Wen Higurashi, 1989) concluded that the development of infants raised above the fifth floor in high-rise buildings is delayed, compared to those raised below the fifth floor. The development of numerous skills, such as dressing, helping and appropriate urination was slower. Children who live on higher floors also go outside to play less often (Nitta, 1980, in Oda et al., 1989). A study in India recognized that childrens difficulties are not solely a function of living in high rises (Oke, Khattar, Pant Saraswathi, 1999). Learning to read may be affected by the floor level on which children live (Cohen, Glass Singer, 1973). The researchers measured sound levels, ability to discriminate auditory stimuli, and reading skills in children who lived in high rises built above a major highway in New York. Children in lower-level apartments, Gifford 10 discriminate sounds and had poorer reading skills, than children who lived in higher floors. Apparently, where traffic noise is a considerable factor, high rises may be good for children who live higher up in high rises. Childrens play clearly is affected, as parents in high rises either keep their children indoors more often, which means close protection or over-protection in an indoor environment, or allow them outside, many floors away, which can result in under supervision. One outcome is that children in high rises, on balance, spend more time playing alone and in restricted play (Gittus, 1976). Perhaps this is why there is evidence that high-rise raised children have lower levels of motor ability than children reared in single-family dwellings (Crawford Virgin, 1971; cited in Michelson, 1977). (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 11). 2.6 The elderly in highrise housing A study by Kweon, Sullivan and Wiley (1998) found that elderly public highrise housing residents sense of community was stronger when they spent time in outdoor green common spaces, areas with trees and grass. (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 6). Welfare and the types of living arrangement for the elderly are also gaining wider attention. The aged should be supported by their families, the government and the community, to live and be integrated into the mainstream community for as long as possible (National Council of Social Services, 1996). Hence, planning and designing of housing with essential supporting services should be carried out for this group of people who are more at risk and deserving of care and consideration. 2.7 Secondary studies done on residential responses on high rise living 3. Primary study Case studies done in Delhi and NCR 3.1 Methodology A questionnaire based survey is conducted in housing societies of varying heights (sample questionnaire attached). The questionnaire aims to find social implications with respect to heights of residential buildings. The same number of people are surveyed in all the case studies i.e 15 people, further divided equally in the age groups: teenager, adult and elderly. Data is further analysed to understand the topic in study. 3.2 Selection criteria of case studies Distinct variation in height (4 storey, 10 storey, 20 storey) Within Delhi or NCR 3.3 Data collection through Questionnaire 3.3.1. Low rise housing, Vasant Kunj Not done yet 3.3.2. Med rise housing, Dwarka Elligible Co-operative Group Housing society (10 storey building) Address: Plot no 38, Sector 10, Dwarka 3.3.3. High rise housing, Gurgaon Not done yet 4. Analysis of Data 5. Findings According to the case study done in Dwarka, a pattern can be observed between the liking of a particular type of housing i.e low, medium, high and the generation. It is found that teenagers, todays generation prefer the highrise. Adults prefer medium rise housing walk ups. While the elderly prefer the bungalow system, the idea where one can say this particular piece of land is the property of my family and me. A highrise, however, stresses on community land or space, then the unit or apartment becomes the property of the individual owner. The finding exemplifies how one becomes accustomed to particular conditions during their years of development and seems to become their preferred style of living. It is also found that there are a number of spaces where people interact such as the community hall, gym, badminton court, children play area, the road which runs along the periphery of the society which acts a Theories of Demand for Audit: An Analysis Theories of Demand for Audit: An Analysis Audit refers to an examination of the financial reports of a firm by an independent entity. The separation of business ownership and management in modern society has created a need for accountability; causing the role of audit to change as the needs of stakeholders change. Audit, in itself, caters to the relationship of accountability; independent from other parts of the firm to provide a true and fair view of the financial reports of an organisation. Whereas, the value relevance refers to the auditors ability and responsibility to provide reasonable assurance that financial statements are free of material misstatement, either due to fraud or error; or both. Audit theories provide a framework for auditing, uncovers the laws that govern the audit process and the relationship between different parties of a firm, forming the basis of the role of audit. Mautz and Sharaf expressed that concepts provide a basis for advancement in the field of knowledge by facilitating communication about it and its problems. There are many theories which may explain demand for audit services in modern societies. These include, but are not limited to; The policeman theory The credibility theory The theory of inspired confidence The agency theory The policeman theory asserts that the auditor is responsible for searching, discovering and preventing any fraudulent activity. However, the role of auditors is to provide reasonable assurance and an independent, true and fair view of the financial statements. Although, there has been more pressure on auditors to detect fraud after recent reporting scandals e.g. Enron. It can be argued that in modern societies, the users of statements want auditors to be responsible for fraud detection as they use audit reports to analyse and make decisions. However, auditors are not responsible for finding all fraud but should improve their detection rate to instil public confidence. ISA (UK and Ireland) 240 states that the primary responsibility of fraud prevention and detection rests with the management and the governance of an organisation; it is also important that more emphasis is placed on prevention of fraud. However, the auditor also has a duty of care to the end users of audit reports and s hould consider risks of material misstatements due to fraud when calculating audit risk. The credibility theory suggests that adding credibility to financial statements is an integral part of auditing, making it a fundamental service auditors provide to clients. Audited financial statements boost users confidence in an organisations financial records and managements stewardship; in turn, improving their decision quality such as, investment or new contracts, based on reliable information. This is because stakeholders need to have faith in the financial statements. The credibility gained by financial statements would affect decisions by stakeholders (e.g. Credit limits provided by suppliers) and also helps shareholders put trust in management; reducing the information asymmetry between stakeholders and management. However, Porter (1990) concluded, that audited information does not form the primary basis for investors investment decisions, but in my opinion audit reports may still play a part; albeit small, in investment decisions. The theory of inspired confidence focuses on both the demand and supply of audit services. The relationship of accountability is realised with financial statements; however, as outside parties cannot monitor any material misstatement or bias in financial reports, the demand for an independent reliable audit arises. The supply of audit services should satisfy the public confidence that arises from the audit and fulfil community expectations, as the general function of audit is derived from the need for independent examination and an expert opinion based on findings; due to the confidence society places in an independent auditors opinion. It can be assumed that if society lost confidence in audit opinion, the social usefulness of audit would cease; as audit delivers benefits to the users of financial statements. However, as Limperg argues an auditor should try to meet the expectations of a rational outsider but not create higher expectations from his audit report than is justifiable by his examination of audit evidence. As Limperg states The theory expects from the accountant that in each special case he ascertains what expectations he arouses; that he realizes the tenor of the confidence that he inspires with the fulfillment of each specific function (Limperg Institute, 1985, 19). The auditor should maintain appropriate business practices to maintain his independence from the firm being audited, in order to satisfy his obligation to examine business practices and provide a credible opinion on the financial statements. The agency theory emphasises that audit services are employed in both the interests of third parties and management. An agency relationship exists between the agent (management) and principals (shareholders, employees, banks etc.); where the authority of decision-making is delegated to the agent. If both principals and agents want to maximise utility, the agent may not always act in the best interests of the principal as their interests may differ e.g. shareholders may want to maximise share value, management may be interested in company growth. Hence, agency theory focuses on the costs and benefits of an agent-principal relationship. Costs that arise due to the decision-making authority given to agents, in modern companies due to separation of ownership and control are agency costs, agency costs are the sum of the monitoring expense by the principal, the bonding expense of the agent and the residual loss. A beneficial agency cost would maximise shareholder value and an unwanted agency cost would arise due to conflict of interest between shareholders and managers. Analysis of agency costs give an indication of how well an agent is discharging his responsibilities towards the principal, enabling the principal to observe and introduce controls to reduce any conflict of interest. As an organisation has many contracts, several parties (e.g. suppliers, employees etc.) which add value to the company for a given price, for their own personal interests; it is the agents responsibility to optimise the contracts to maximise the value of the organisation. An audit is a monitoring mechanism for principals to gain an independent and reliable opinion on the financial statements provided by the agent, reinforcing accountability and maintaining confidence and trust in the organisation. Agency theory is the most widely used audit theory. These theories demonstrate the need of accountability in modern society and the role of audit in providing reasonable assurance and unbiased opinion to users of financial statements, about an organisation. Stakeholders place trust in auditors due to the credibility of audit; lenders, suppliers and employees may want reasonable assurance on the accounts of an organisation before any business contracts are established. Shareholders want an independent opinion on the running of the organisation and how the management is executing its stewardship, they also require a true and fair view of financial statements to analyse their investment in the organisation and to gain confidence in the management and in turn, the organisation. Societal expectations from auditors may exceed the capability of audit creating an audit expectation gap, where users of financial statements expect an auditor to detect all material fraud; due to their legal access to company records and right to gain explanation from employees for the purpose of audit. ISA 200 also emphasises that due to the limitations of an audit, there is an unavoidable risk that some material misstatements will not be detected, even when the audit is done in accordance with the ISAs (UK and Ireland). Hence, while auditors discharge their duties, they should educate the public about the inherent limitations of audit and their role in financial reporting. It should be understood that auditors too rely on the management to gain information about the activities of an organisation. Imparting that the audit is based on calculated audit risk which would have been reduced to an acceptable level however, it is not possible to provide an audit opinion without any audit r isk present. Audit theory has evolved over time as needs of society changed, so did audit techniques resulting in a change of auditor function. A considerable investment into the development of auditing theory is justified as it will help us address audit deficiencies with a more tailored approach towards the complex needs of modern society, with the fast-paced trading of stocks and extensive contracts of organisations. Auditors are placed in a position of trust to provide an independent and unbiased opinion on financial statements. Extensive research in developing audit theory might help auditors to discharge their duty with more competence and may reduce audit risk substantially. However, it can be argued that the expectation gap should be filled by means of education in order to enable stakeholders and third parties to interpret and analyse audit reports correctly, with rational expectations from the auditors. Also, to help them make informed decisions based on audit reports, fulfilling the pu rpose of the audit.